Is Synthetic Turf Bad for Your Health?

Is Artificial Grass Safe for Humans?

While artificial grass may seem like a convenient and low-maintenance alternative to natural lawns, there are legitimate concerns about its safety for humans, especially children and pregnant individuals. 

Many artificial turf products contain a variety of potentially harmful chemicals, including PAHs, VOCs, heavy metals, and PFAS. These substances have been linked to various health issues, including cancer, endocrine disruption, and developmental problems [1].

While more research is needed to fully understand the long-term health impacts, it's important to be aware of these potential risks and consider safer alternatives when possible.

Why Is It Important to Know That Artificial Turf Contains Toxic Chemicals?

Knowledge is power, especially when it comes to safeguarding the health of your family. 

There are currently over 12,000 synthetic turf sports fields in the U.S., and more than 1,000 new fields are installed each year. As a result, these surfaces are becoming more and more prevalent in our daily lives [2]. 

Synthetic grass is not just used in professional stadiums anymore. Artificial turf is now found in many schools, parks, and playgrounds where our most vulnerable populations play and learn.

Children, pregnant women, and animals are especially susceptible to the harmful effects of these chemicals. Kids' bodies are still developing, which means they can be more sensitive to toxins. They also tend to play closer to the ground and may accidentally ingest small particles. 

Pregnant women's exposure could potentially affect their unborn babies. These effects can span multiple generations.

Lastly, our pets often spend time rolling and playing on these surfaces. Your fur babies can also absorb these chemicals through their skin or by licking their paws. 

The widespread use of artificial turf means that many of us are being exposed to these harmful substances without even realizing it!

But knowledge is power, and we can use this information to take action. At home, consider natural alternatives for your lawn or play areas. In your community, attend local meetings and speak up about the need for safer playing surfaces in schools and parks. Share what you've learned with friends, family, and neighbors.

By educating others and advocating for healthier choices, we can protect our loved ones and push for change on a larger scale!

What Is Synthetic Turf Made Of?

Imitation may be flattering, but nothing beats the real thing. Artificial grass is designed for convenience and to mimic the appearance and functionality of natural grass. However, it’s created to enhance durability and make maintaining your “grass” easier. To achieve this harmony, synthetic turf contains three main components.  

Plastic Glass Blades

Plastic grass blades are the parts of artificial turf that you can see and touch. They're designed to look and feel like real grass. These blades are usually made from a type of plastic called polyethylene, which is strong and flexible. Manufacturers shape these blades into different forms like S, W, V, or diamond to make them more realistic and durable.

In addition, these blades may be treated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Manufacturers add PFAS to make the artificial grass blades water and stain-resistant.

These qualities might seem convenient for something outdoors, but they come at a potential cost to human health and the environment. These forever chemicals have been linked to serious health issues, including cancer, liver damage, and developmental problems. 

To give the blades their green color (or sometimes other colors), special pigments and color stabilizers are mixed into the plastic before it's shaped. These additives help the color last a long time, even when the turf is out in the sun or rain. The color isn't just painted on - it's part of the plastic itself, so it won't easily wear off.

As the turf ages and weathers, these chemicals can be released, potentially exposing people to a cocktail of toxic substances. While artificial turf might appear to offer a low-maintenance alternative to natural grass, it's crucial to consider the hidden risks that come with its seemingly perfect appearance.

Infill Material

Infill material is essential for artificial turf systems, serving multiple key functions. It acts like soil for the turf, keeping the grass blades upright, providing cushioning for users, and adding weight to stabilize the surface. Additionally, it facilitates drainage to prevent puddling and enhances the appearance and feel of the turf. Infill material can contain various chemicals that might pose health and environmental risks. Here are some of the most common materials used for infills. 

Crumb Rubber

Crumb rubber is made from recycled tires. While reusable, crumb rubber may contain various chemicals, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and phthalates.

Silica Sand

This is a natural material that provides good drainage but can contain respirable crystalline silica, which may pose health risks if inhaled.

EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer)

EDPM is a synthetic rubber that may contain zinc oxide, carbon black, and various processing oils. It offers good resilience and weather resistance. Carbon black may contain impurities, such as benzene, a known carcinogen [3].  

TPE (Thermoplastic Elastomer)

TPE is a blend of plastic and rubber that aims to be more eco-friendly than traditional crumb rubber. It offers strong performance while being better for the environment. Some TPEs are made using materials from the plastics recycling chain, reducing environmental impact. While a seemingly noble cause, the same health concerns can arise. 

Organic Infills

These sustainable infill options can be made from renewable materials, like cork, coconut fibers, or walnut shells. Organic infills generally contain fewer synthetic chemicals but may pose allergy risks for some users.

Acrylic-Coated Sand

Acrylic-coated sand contains sand particles encased in a thin layer of acrylic polymer. This coating process enhances the sand's performance characteristics and helps reduce dust formation when the material is in use. However, some acrylics may release VOCs and microplastics over time, making this material a potential cause for concern.  

Zeolite

Zeolite is a natural mineral known for its exceptional ability to absorb odors and moisture. These qualities are desirable for the longevity of synthetic turf. 

Zeolite gets its odor and moisture-repellent qualities from its porous structure. While effective for odor control, it may contain tiny respirable particles that can be inhaled. Inhaling zeolite dust, especially over long periods, may cause respiratory issues. 

Backing Layer

The backing layer of synthetic turf is crucial for its structure and function. It anchors the grass blades, provides stability, ensures proper drainage, and enhances durability. 

This layer typically consists of two parts:

1. A primary backing made of polypropylene fabric
2. A secondary backing made of latex or polyurethane.

These materials may contain various chemicals, including styrene, butadiene, isocyanates, and additives like flame retardants. While manufacturers aim to meet safety standards, the chemicals in backing layers raise concerns about potential health and environmental risks. 

Does Artificial Turf Release Toxins?

Yes. Synthetic turf can release harmful chemicals into the environment that we can absorb through our skin, nose, eyes, and mouth. 

As parents, educators, and community members, we all want to ensure that the environments where our children play and learn are safe and healthy. Children and athletes who frequently use these surfaces may inhale off-gassing chemicals, absorb substances through skin contact, or accidentally ingest small particles. 

The heat-related issues associated with artificial turf are also concerning. On hot days, these surfaces can reach extreme temperatures, significantly higher than natural grass and even asphalt [4]. 

These elevated temps not only make play uncomfortable but increase the risk of heat-related illnesses. As climate change leads to more frequent and intense heat waves, this issue becomes even more pressing.

How to Protect Yourself from Negative Effects of Artificial Grass

As parents, we understand how concerning it can be to learn about the potential risks associated with artificial turf, especially when our children spend so much time playing on these surfaces. While it's not always possible to avoid synthetic grass completely, there are steps we can take to minimize exposure and protect our little ones…and their spectators (like you!)

Try these tips for minimizing exposures to the harmful effects of synthetic turf:

• Encourage good hygiene: Make hand washing and showering a fun ritual after playtime
• Create a safe space: If you need to spend time on the turf, bring a blanket or towel to sit on. 
  No food or drinks on the field: Wait until you get home to avoid transferring harmful chemicals from the turf to their mouth.

Remember, every small step counts. By taking these precautions, you're not just protecting your child but also teaching them valuable lessons about health and environmental awareness. Together, we can create safer play environments for all our children.

Does Eco-Friendly Artificial Grass Exist?

While there are efforts to create more eco-friendly artificial turf, achieving a fully "natural" system remains challenging. Many will still contain synthetic chemicals but have lower levels than more harmful ones. The goal is to minimize your exposures as much as possible and support your wellness with some of the tips we’ve already discussed. 

Some manufacturers are exploring the use of plant-based materials for grass blades. These plastic-free options include sugar cane and biopolymers. 

For infill materials, alternatives to crumb rubber include natural options like cork, coconut husks, walnut shells, and non-coated silica sand. While these natural infills are generally considered safer than crumb rubber, they may have their own drawbacks, such as the need for frequent replacement or potential dust issues.

For backing, some companies are now using soybean oil-based backing rather than conventional petroleum-based options. However, these still incorporate synthetic materials and are not completely natural. 

It's important to recognize that even with these eco-friendly alternatives, artificial turf continues to pose environmental concerns. For those seeking the most sustainable solution, naturally grown and organically maintained grass is typically regarded as the best choice due to its numerous environmental benefits, such as carbon sequestration and natural cooling effects that artificial options cannot replicate.

Toxic Chemicals In Artificial Turf

Synthetic grass is a cocktail of harmful chemicals that can pose a risk to human health and the environment. Here are some of the most common toxic chemicals in artificial turf and their potential health effects. 

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

Fresh green grass might not last forever, but synthetic turf with PFAS will. Known as “forever chemicals,” PFAS are a group of synthetic chemicals used in manufacturing for their water, flame, and stain-resistant properties. 

Let’s blow the whistle on PFAS in synthetic grass. One small study found that three out of four players or coaches had increased levels of PFAS on their skin after playing on artificial turf [5].

These chemicals are primarily present in the plastic grass blades and backing layer of artificial turf, with some studies also detecting PFAS in the infill material.

Common PFAS chemicals found in synthetic turf include:

• Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
• Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS)
• Other fluorinated compounds 

Exposure to PFAS, including those commonly used to create synthetic turf, has been linked to serious health issues, including cancer, developmental problems, immune system deficiencies, and hormone disruption [6]. 

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds formed from the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials. In artificial turf, PAHs are not intentionally added but are present as contaminants in the crumb rubber infill, which is typically made from recycled tires [7]. 

Common PAHs found in synthetic turf include [8]:

• Benzo[a]pyrene
• Chrysene
• Fluoranthene
• Phenanthrene

These compounds are primarily concentrated in the crumb rubber infill layer but can also be found in lower concentrations in the plastic grass fibers and backing material.

Many PAHs are known or suspected carcinogens. Long-term exposure has been linked to increased risk of lung, skin, and bladder cancer [9]. 

They may also cause DNA mutations, which is especially alarming for growing children and pregnant women [10]. Consider wearing a mask when possible to avoid PAHs from artificial turf. 

Heavy Metals

Heavy metals can end up in artificial turf through several routes, primarily from the materials used to construct the turf system. The plastic grass blades may contain heavy metals as additives or contaminants, while the crumb rubber infill made from recycled tires is a significant source of various heavy metals. 

Common heavy metals found in artificial turf include:

• Lead
• Cadmium
• Chromium
• Zinc
• Arsenic
• Mercury

These metals can cause various health problems, ranging from developmental issues in children to increased cancer risks in adults. While the amounts in artificial turf are usually small, frequent contact with synthetic grass raises concerns about long-term health effects.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature. Therefore, they are highly prone to evaporating on a hot summer day. In artificial grass, VOCs can be released from the plastic grass blades, rubber infill, and backing materials.

Common VOCs found in artificial turf include:

• Benzene
• Toluene
• Ethylbenzene
• Xylene
• Styrene
• Formaldehyde

The health effects of these VOCs can vary but generally include symptoms of asthma, headaches, and nausea. If you notice these symptoms, consider walking away from the turf to get some fresh air whenever possible. 

Phthalates

Know the soft, plastic-like feeling of artificial grass? That’s phthalates in action. 

Phthalates are a group of chemicals used to soften and increase the flexibility of plastics and vinyl. In artificial turf, phthalates are often added to the plastic grass blades and backing material to make them more pliable and durable. 

Common phthalates found in artificial turf include:

• Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
• Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
• Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)

Phthalates are known endocrine disruptors, meaning they can interfere with the body's hormone systems. Health effects associated with phthalate exposure include reproductive and developmental problems, liver and kidney damage, and increased risk of certain cancers [11]. 

Bisphenols

If we’re pushing to get BPA out of plastic bottles, we should be doing the same for synthetic grass. Bisphenols are chemicals used in the production of various plastics, including those found in artificial turf. They are used to enhance the durability and flexibility of the plastic blades and backing materials.

Common bisphenols in artificial turf include:

• BPA
• BPS
• BPF

Bisphenols act as endocrine disruptors. Exposure to these chemicals has been associated with various health concerns, including hormonal imbalances, reproductive issues, developmental problems in children, metabolic disorders, and potential links to certain cancers [12]. 

Like other chemicals, the transfer of bisphenols to humans increases under heat. An extra tip to protect yourself: Don’t let your water bottles sit in the sun and then drink from them. Switch to a reusable container made of glass or stainless steel! 

Microplastics

Small blades of plastic grass can result in tiny beads of microplastics entering the body and environment. Artificial turf can be a significant source of microplastic pollution, primarily through the breakdown of polyethylene or polypropylene.

Studies suggest that each synthetic turf field may shed between 0.5% and 8% of its grass blades every year. This translates to an estimated 200 to 3,200 pounds of plastic material entering the surrounding environment annually from a single field [13]!

These harmful chemicals gradually degrade due to wear and tear, UV exposure, and weathering. This breakdown process releases tiny plastic particles into the environment. 

Additionally, many artificial turf systems use crumb rubber made from recycled tires or other plastic-based materials as infill. Regular use of the turf, such as players running and sliding on the surface, causes friction that further breaks down these materials into smaller particles. 

These microscopic particles can easily migrate off the field on a person’s skin, uniform, or cleats. Also, environmental factors like wind, rain, and snow can carry these loose plastic particles from the turf into surrounding areas, including soil and waterways. 

When artificial turf reaches the end of its lifespan (typically 8-10 years), improper disposal can lead to further microplastic pollution. These microplastics can then spread through various ecosystems, potentially impacting wildlife and entering the food chain, raising concerns among researchers and environmentalists about their long-term environmental impact.

Flame Retardants

Sitting for hours every day in the heat can make some outdoor materials a fire hazard. However, chemicals used to prevent these concerns are also human health hazards. Flame retardants are chemicals used to prevent objects from igniting on fire, including artificial grass. 

Common flame retardants in synthetic turf include:

• Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
• Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD)
• Organophosphate flame retardants

Exposure to flame retardants has been associated with endocrine disruption, neurodevelopmental issues, and potential carcinogenic effects [14]. 

While some indoor sports complexes and dog parks may require flame retardants, they may not be necessary for all outdoor venues. Consider talking to committees in charge of outdoor events, community parks, and other areas of interest to decrease the use of artificial turf that contains flame retardants.

Make a Difference In Your Community: Say No to Artificial Turf 

Be the change you wish to see in this world. Take small steps to improve the health of your community and the environment. 

Here are some tips for encouraging your community to switch from artificial turf to healthier alternatives:

• Educate your neighbors and community members about the health and environmental risks associated with artificial turf. 
• Highlight the benefits of natural alternatives like organic grass or native plants. Emphasize improved safety, environmental sustainability, and long-term cost savings.
• Organize community meetings or workshops to discuss the issue and explore natural turf options. Invite local experts to speak about sustainable landscaping practices.
• Work with local environmental groups or gardening clubs to build support and share resources for transitioning to natural surfaces.
• Engage with local government officials, parks departments, and school boards to advocate for policies supporting natural turf in public spaces.
• Offer to form a committee or task force to research options and develop a transition plan for your community.

Remember to approach the issue with empathy and understanding. Many people may not be aware of the drawbacks of artificial turf, so focus on positive education rather than criticism. By working together and highlighting the benefits of natural alternatives, you can help your community make healthier, more sustainable choices for shared spaces!

Resources

[1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10262297/ 
[2] https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/2019/may/synthetic-sports-fields-and-the-heat-island-effect/
[3] https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5462310#section=Human-Toxicity-Excerpts
[4] https://health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/synthetic_turf/crumb-rubber_infilled/fact_sheet.htm
[5] https://peer.org/pfas-in-artificial-turf-coats-players-skin/
[6] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36108719/|
[7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653517320349
[8] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20435333/ 
[9] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35151703/
[10] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408964/
[11] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8157593/
[12] https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/sya-bpa
[13] https://aesm.assembly.ca.gov/sites/aesm.assembly.ca.gov/files/letter%20from%20public%20synthetic%20turf%2C%20microplastics%2C%20Dianne%20Woelke.pdf
[14] https://niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/flame_retardants