What Is In Dust Made Of In the House and How to Support Clean Air Quality?

Ever wonder what is dust collecting on your shelf and dancing in the sunbeams. There are more than just dead skin cells in dust. Learn about the dangers lurking in dust...and how to exterminate them!

Don’t get yourself into a dusty situation.

Vacuum, mop, and dust away dust as much as possible. Dust is a familiar presence in our homes, often seen settling on surfaces and floating in sunbeams. But what exactly is dust? Beyond being an eyesore, it’s a cocktail of tiny particles that can include everything from dead skin cells to bacteria to harmful chemicals that disrupt your hormones. Dust is more than just dirt. It could potentially impact the health of you and your family. Let’s take a closer look at what creates household dust and what’s inside these tiny particles.

What Causes Dust?

We all know dust as those pesky flakes that settle on our furniture and float in sunbeams. But what is dust exactly?

Dust is a mixture of tiny particles from both indoor and outdoor sources. These particles stick together through a few simple processes. 

One way is through static electricity. This is what happens when your clothes stick together after taking them out of the dryer. Particles with opposite charges attract each other, forming larger clumps. 

Another factor is moisture in the air. Water particles can create a tiny bridge between particles, helping them stick together. 

Also, some dust components, like fibers and organic materials, can act like glue. These particles bind other materials together more firmly. 

On the other hand, weak forces between molecules can also help keep dust together. This allows dust to form larger, looser clumps, often known as "dust bunnies." You can find these clumps hanging out in corners and hard-to-reach places in our homes.

What Is Dust in the House Made Of?

What makes dust so concerning is that these flakes are essentially cocktails of chemicals. There are many types of chemicals that live in dust, with each potentially presenting health risks to your family. 

So, what creates house dust? Check out some of the most common particles found in dust:

Dead Skin Cells

Did you know that humans can shed up to 200,000 skin cells per hour [1]?! Clean up after yourself by sweeping up those dead skin cells. 

It’s a common myth that dust is mostly skin cells. However, it’s just one of many pollutants in household dust. That said, dead skin cells do contain moisture, which can harbor bacteria. The presence of dead skin cells in household dust could cause allergic reactions in some people.

Fabric Fibers

These are microscopic threads from clothing, carpets, and furniture. They enter dust through normal wear and tear. 

Synthetic fibers often contain or are treated with various harmful chemicals during production. Some common chemicals include phthalates. These toxic chemicals are used as plasticizers in polyester and can disrupt hormone function [2].

Formaldehyde is often used in wrinkle-resistant treatments for synthetic fabrics. It’s known to be a skin irritant and a potential carcinogen [3]. 

Additionally, flame retardants applied to many synthetic textiles can contain toxic compounds like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These flame-resistant chemicals have been linked to thyroid disruption and issues with brain development in children [4].

Pet Dander

Who rules the house more than your pets? They’re around the homestead more than we are. So, if our skin cells are polluting dust, so is their dander. 

Pet dander consists of tiny skin flakes and hair from pets. It becomes airborne easily and settles into dust. As much as we love our furbabies, their dander is a common allergen that can trigger asthma and allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Pollen

Pollen count high today? Time to pull out the broom!

Pollen can enter homes through open windows or on clothing. It’s a major allergen that can cause seasonal allergies and respiratory issues.

Insect Body Parts and Droppings/Dust Mites

Tell dust to “buzz off.” It can contain insect debris, including droppings and body parts. Over time, dust mites can also accumulate in dust. Dust mites also leave behind droppings and dead cells that can trigger allergic reactions [4]. 

Microorganisms

As we mentioned, moisture is a breeding ground for dust accumulation. It’s also where opportunistic microorganisms can flourish.

Bacteria, fungi, and their spores are present in household dust. They thrive in warm, humid environments. 

Some can cause respiratory infections or allergic reactions, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Over time, these can worsen into infestations. It’s important to be diligent with regular dusting and mopping, especially if you notice dust accumulating. 

Particulate Matter and VOCs

Life is about cause and effect. The things we do in our house for pleasure can also have lingering effects that could be dangerous to our health.

For instance, cooking and burning candles release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air. These compounds bind together in household dust, which could cause some long-term health problems [5]. 

Fine particulate matter can penetrate deep into the lungs, potentially causing respiratory and cardiovascular issues.

Chemical Compounds from Household Materials

The products we use daily can also impact our air quality by polluting household dust. Many flame retardants, plasticizers, and household chemicals are released into the atmosphere, contaminating the indoor air quality. 

Many of these compounds are known to be endocrine disruptors or carcinogens, potentially affecting long-term health.

The exact composition of dust can vary depending on your location, lifestyle, and the materials in your home. While some components of dust are harmless, others can trigger allergies or pose health risks, especially when they accumulate. That's why regular cleaning and good ventilation are important for maintaining a healthy indoor environment.

Toxic Chemicals in Dust

Americans spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, where exposure to environmental pollutants can be significantly higher than outdoors [6]. This is particularly concerning given that about 70% of disease burden is attributed to environmental factors [7]. Many of these risky factors are present in our indoor environments. 

Here are some common harmful chemicals present in dust:

  • Phthalates: Found in vinyl flooring, food containers, and cosmetics, these plasticizers can disrupt hormone function and are linked to reduced sperm motility in men.
  • Flame retardants: Present in furniture foam, carpet pads, and electronics, these chemicals can affect hormone balance and reproductive health.
  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Used in stain-resistant carpeting, waterproof packaging, and non-stick cookware, these "forever chemicals" have been linked to delayed brain development in children and various health issues.
  • Phenol preservatives: Commonly found in deodorants and cosmetics, these compounds can accumulate in dust.
  • Nonylphenol ethoxylates: These nonionic surfactants are used in household cleaners and are suspected endocrine disruptors.
  • Heavy metals: Traces of lead, mercury, and other heavy metals can be found in dust, potentially causing neurological and developmental issues.
  • Pesticide residues: These can accumulate in dust from both indoor and outdoor sources, posing various health risks.
  • Bisphenols: Found in electronics, flooring, and PVC pipes, these compounds are known endocrine disruptors and have been linked to various health issues, including reproductive problems and certain cancers.

The presence of these chemicals in household dust underscores the importance of regular cleaning and proper ventilation to reduce exposure to potentially harmful substances in our indoor environments.

How Do Harmful Chemicals In Dust Enter My Body?

How can dust go from contaminating the corners of rooms to contaminating our bodies? There are three primary ways.

Inhalation

The most common way we are exposed to dust is by inhaling it. When we breathe, tiny dust particles can become airborne and enter our lungs. 

This can happen during activities like vacuuming or dusting, as well as just moving around the house. People with respiratory issues or those who spend a lot of time indoors may be at greater risk of inhaling these harmful particles.

Ingestion

We can also ingest dust by accidentally swallowing it. This often happens through hand-to-mouth contact. 

For instance, you might place your hand on a dusty dresser and then go make a sandwich, which you then eat. Hand-to-mouth dust ingestion is especially common in children who tend to put their hands or toys in their mouths. 

Skin Absorption

Dust can also be absorbed through the skin. However, this route is less significant than ingestion or inhalation. Some chemicals in dust can enter the body if they come into contact with damaged skin or if they are made up of certain organic compounds that can penetrate the skin easily.

How to Get Rid of Dust

We all want our homes to be clean, fresh, and inviting. However, the constant battle against dust can feel overwhelming. This stress can especially worsen when we learn about the potential health risks associated with the chemicals it harbors. It's natural to feel frustrated, but don't worry. There are effective strategies to reduce dust and create a healthier living environment. Here are some of the most effective ways to keep dust at bay!

Dust, Vacuum, and Mop Often

Regular cleaning is your first line of defense against dust accumulation. When dusting, consider opening windows to improve ventilation, and wear gloves and a mask to protect yourself from direct contact and inhalation. 

Use microfiber cloths that trap dust effectively, and vacuum with a HEPA filter-equipped machine to capture even the smallest particles.

Clear the Air with an Air Purifier

Breathe in fresh air, not dust. Investing in a good air purifier can significantly improve your indoor air quality. 

Look for models with HEPA filters, which can remove 99.97% of airborne particles as small as 0.3 microns. Carbon filters are also beneficial as they can absorb odors and some gases. 

Place air purifiers in areas you frequent most, like bedrooms and living rooms. Also, consider getting an air purifier for spaces prone to moisture buildup, such as basements or bathrooms.

Open the Windows Daily (If Possible)

Allowing fresh air to circulate through your home can help reduce indoor pollutants. If the weather permits, make it a habit to open windows daily. Opening windows is especially effective for reducing contaminants when cooking or using cleaning products. 

Don't forget to open vents in bathrooms and kitchens to expel moisture and odors. This simple act can significantly improve your indoor air quality.

Buy Low-Tox Options for Household Materials

Choosing low-toxicity materials for your home can greatly reduce the amount of harmful chemicals that end up in your dust. While it may seem daunting, every small change counts towards creating a healthier living space. 

Here are some low-tox ideas to consider:

  • Organic cotton or wool mattresses
  • Solid wood furniture with low-VOC finishes
  • Natural fiber carpets or hard surface flooring like bamboo or cork
  • Low-VOC paints and wallpapers
  • Stainless steel or cast iron cookware instead of non-stick
  • Natural fiber clothing and bedding

Leave the Shoes Outside

Show your shoes the door! Leaving shoes outside can be an effective way to reduce the amount of dust and dirt that enters your home. 

Shoes often carry a variety of outdoor contaminants, including soil, pollen, and even chemicals from roadways. Make it a habit to remove shoes before entering your home. You can significantly decrease the accumulation of dust and allergens indoors, creating a cleaner and healthier living environment for you and your family. Plus, it’s a simple step that can help maintain your floors and carpets in the long run!

Use Million Marker Approved Cleaning Products

Using Million Marker Approved Cleaning Products is an effective way to minimize dust accumulation in your home. These products are formulated without harmful chemicals like phthalates and BPA, which can contribute to indoor air pollution and dust buildup. 

By choosing cleaning solutions that utilize safe, natural ingredients, you not only reduce the toxic load in your environment but also help create a healthier space for you and your family. Regular use of these approved products can lead to a cleaner home with less dust, ultimately improving your overall well-being.

Simmer Pots over Scented Candles

Dusty rooms can cause malodors. Don’t fight dust with scented sprays! 

Many commercial air fresheners and scented candles contain harmful chemicals that can negatively impact your health. Instead, try creating natural fragrances using simmer pots

Simply add your favorite herbs, spices, and fruit peels to a pot of water and let it simmer on low heat. This method not only fills your home with a pleasant aroma but also adds moisture to the air, which can help settle dust particles.

Test Your Body for Harmful Chemicals

Have you ever stopped to think about the chemicals in your environment and how they might be affecting your body? It’s easy to overlook, but gaining insight into these substances can help you dust harmful chemicals out of your home and body!

Million Marker’s Detect & Detox Test Kit measures levels of bisphenols, phthalates, and other harmful chemicals in your body. We generate a personalized report with actionable tips about minimizing exposures to toxic chemicals in your environment. 

Learn what products are causing the greatest exposures and receive tips for making healthier swaps in your daily routine!

What Do Dust Mites Eat?

Dust mites primarily feed on dead skin cells shed by humans and animals, with an average person losing about one-fifth of an ounce of skin each week, creating a substantial food source for these microscopic creatures. They thrive in areas where skin cells accumulate, such as bedding, carpets, upholstered furniture, and soft toys. Dust mites also consume pollen, fungi, bacteria, and animal dander, resulting in a varied diet within the dust ecosystem.

Is Dust Mostly Dead Skin?

The idea that house dust is mostly dead skin is largely a myth. While dead skin cells do contribute to household dust, they typically make up only about 20-50% of its composition. Dust also contains a variety of other materials, including fibers, pollen, hair, bacteria, and even insect body parts. The exact makeup of dust can vary significantly from one home to another, influenced by factors like location and the presence of pets or outdoor pollutants. 

How Does Dust Form In A Closed Room?

Dust accumulates in a closed room through several processes, even when doors and windows are shut. Dead skin cells, hair, and dander from humans and pets contribute significantly to indoor dust, with an average person shedding about one-fifth of an ounce of skin weekly. Additionally, tiny airborne particles can enter through small gaps or be carried in on clothing and shoes, while the degradation of materials like fibers from clothing and upholstery releases microscopic particles into the air. Environmental pollutants, such as pollen and dirt, can also infiltrate the home, making it nearly impossible to eliminate dust completely.

Why Do Unused Rooms Get Dusty?

Unused rooms often accumulate dust for several reasons, even when they’re not actively occupied. In tightly sealed spaces, dust can settle into carpets and crevices, making it harder to remove completely. Additionally, even minimal airflow can carry dust into these areas, allowing it to accumulate over time. Regular cleaning and proper ventilation can help reduce dust buildup in unused rooms.

Resources

[1] https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161129114910.htm 
[2] https://chemtrust.org/furniture/ 
[3] https://study.com/academy/lesson/formaldehyde-in-textiles-use-limits-testing.html 
[4] https://www.lung.org/clean-air/indoor-air/indoor-air-pollutants/dust-mites
[5] https://www.lung.org/clean-air/indoor-air/indoor-air-pollutants/volatile-organic-compounds
[6] https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/indoor-air-quality 
[7] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4841276